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A pair of scales.

Scales are found in pairs or, in one case, a set of four, only in Pikmin 2 and only above ground. One of the blocks is low enough to walk onto, the other higher but still low enough that Pikmin can be thrown onto them, and their purpose is to provide access to higher ground. To manipulate them, throw Pikmin onto the higher of the two. On whichever block the weight of Pikmin (displayed above the block) is greater, that falls to become the lower block.

To use the scales, stand on the lower one and throw more than half of the Pikmin with you onto the higher block, at which point the Captain and Pikmin left with him will raise up, allowing them to walk onto the ledge above. The Pikmin Captains apparently weigh nothing, or at least have negligible weight. Unfortunately, this means some Pikmin must be left behind, leaving you with fewer up the top and the chance of forgetting where the others are. Fortunately, there are a number of ways to get around this.

 Throw all but one of your Pikmin higher than the scales. 

Then, using your last Pikmin, throw it on the other scale, raising Olimar up to meet your other Pikmin. Only one will be lost.